JSON Grammar

Root Element

The root of a page object can contain these properties:

• elements (Optional) Array. A nested tree of element objects. An element object can be one of these types:
  • Basic element—A UI element required for user interaction or to scope another element.
  • Custom element—A nested page object.
  • Container element—A slot or div into which other components are injected.
• methods (Optional) Array. Each object declares a public method. The only supported method type is compose. A compose method combines several element actions, like clearing a text field (clear) and entering a value (setText).
• root (Optional) Boolean. To load a page object from a test, set root to true and add a selector element that points to its most outer (root) element. Any page object that is unique inside the current browser view can be used as a root. A root page object can be loaded directly inside the browser. If a component can be loaded only inside its immediate parent (for example, a navigation item can be loaded only inside a navigation bar), don’t mark it as root.
• selector (Optional) Object. If root is true, add a selector that points to its most outer (root) element. The root selector must match the HTML tag name. See selector.
• shadow (Optional) Object. A shadow boundary at the root of the page object. Contains only an elements property, which is a nested tree of objects. A page object can have elements scoped both inside and outside its shadow root.
• exposeRootElement (Optional) Boolean. See Actionable Root.
• type (Optional) String. See Actionable Root.
• platform (Optional) String. See Platform Context.

{
    "elements": [],
    "methods": [],
    "shadow": {
        "elements": []
    },
    "root": true,
    "selector": {
        "css": "one-record-home"
    }
}

Actionable Root Element

To make the root element actionable, expose it via a public method. Add these properties to the root element:

• exposeRootElement Boolean. If set to true, UTAM creates a public method that returns an instance of the element with the given type. The name of the getter is getRoot.
• type (Optional) See basic element types.

{
    "exposeRootElement": true,
    "type": ["editable"],
    "elements": [],
    "methods": []
}

The UTAM generator converts this JSON into a public method. The method returns an instance of the page object root element for the test to interact with.

async getRoot() {
    const driver = this.driver;
    const root = await this.getRootElement();
    return new _EditableUtamElement(driver, root);
}

Note: The word root is reserved and can't be used as an element name.

Basic Element

If a component has an HTML element that you need in the page object, declare a basic element as an object in an elements array. Add a basic element only if it’s needed for user interactions or to scope other elements.

You can nest a basic element object in any elements array: at the root, inside a shadow, or nested inside another basic element.

A basic element can have these properties:

• elements (Optional) Array. Contains a nested tree of element objects that are located inside this basic element.

• filter (Optional) Object. Picks an element from a list or filters a list at run time. See Element Filter.

• name (Required) String. The element name, which UTAM uses in the getter method name. The value must be unique within the JSON file.

• nullable (Optional, default is false). Boolean. If set to true and the element can't be found inside its parent, the getter method returns null.

• public (Optional, default is false) Boolean. If set to true, UTAM generates a public method that returns an instance of the element with the given type. The name of the getter is generated automatically from the name property as get<Name> (the value of the name property is capitalized).

• selector (Required) Object. Locates the element inside its immediate parent. See Selector properties.

• shadow (Optional) Object. A shadow boundary. Contains only an elements property, which is a nested tree of objects.

• type (Optional) A String for a single type or an array of strings. A list of the types of user interaction that this basic element supports. If omitted, it defaults to a base element type, which supports the methods listed in the Base Element Actions table in actions.

  To allow more interaction, add one or more of these values to the type array:

  • actionable Exposes the methods listed in the Actionable Type Actions table in actions.
  • clickable Exposes the click method.
  • editable Exposes the methods listed in the Editable Type Actions table in actions.
  • draggable Exposes the methods listed in the Draggable Type Actions table in actions.
  • touchable (Java only) Exposes the methods for mobile device interactions listed in the Touchable Type Actions table in actions.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myElement",
            "type" : [ "clickable", "editable" ],
            "public": true,
            "selector": {
                "css": ".element"
            },
            "elements": []
        }
    ]
}

If an element has one basic type only, it can be defined as a string instead an array of strings. For example, this root element has the actionable type only:

{
    "exposeRootElement" : true,
    "type" : "actionable"
}

UTAM generates a public method that returns an instance of the element to interact with.

Java:

public MyElementElement getMyElement() {
    // return element
}

JavaScript:

//declaration
getMyElement(): Promise<_BaseUtamElement>;

// implementation
async getMyElement() {
    const driver = this.driver;
    const root = await this.getRootElement();
    let element = await _utam_get_myElement(driver, root, );
    return new _ActionableUtamElement(driver, element);
}

Basic Actions

Basic elements support different public methods depending on the array of type options set for the element.

The following sections list the methods available for each type.

Base Element Actions

These methods are available by default for all elements.

Actionable Type Actions

These methods are available if the element's type array includes actionable.

Clickable Type Actions

The clickable type enables a click event on the element.

Editable Type Actions

These methods are available if the element's type array includes editable.

Draggable Type Actions

These methods are available if the element's type array includes draggable.

Touchable Type Actions

Supported only for Mobile platform and in UTAM Java only.

These methods are available if the element's type array includes touchable.

Custom Element

To represent a nested component, declare a custom element as an object in the elements array. A custom element has a type property that references another page object.

You can nest a custom element object in any elements array: at the root, inside a shadow, or nested inside a basic element.

A custom element can't have nested elements.

A custom element has the same properties as a basic element, except that the type property is required and must reference another page object.

• type (Required) String. A reference to a UTAM page object. The format is:

  <package name>/pageObjects/<component namespace>/<page object name>
  

  For JavaScript, the <package name> and the <page object name> are required and can include only alphanumeric characters and dashes. The path between these segments is optional. Each path segment can contain only alphanumeric characters (no dashes).

  For Java, the <package name> must start with utam- and the /pageObjects/ segment is required. The <page object name> must be a valid class name (it can't include dashes). It can start with a lowercase character, because the compiler transforms it to uppercase.

  For Java, the UTAM compiler transforms the type value to match Java syntax rules.

  • <package name>: transform - into .

  • Path: transform / into .; transform uppercase characters into lowercase.

  • <page object name>: transform lowercase first letter to uppercase, because Java class names always start with an uppercase character.

    // JSON
    "type": "utam-navex/pageObjects/one/navigationBar"
    
    // UTAM compiler transforms to:
    utam.navex.pageobjects.one.NavigationBar
    

This example declares a custom element called todo-item, which lives in the utam-tutorial package.

{
  "root": true,
  "selector": { "css": "body" },
  "elements": [
      {
          "name": "todoApp",
          "selector": { "css": "example-todo-app" },
          "public": true,
          "shadow": {
              "elements": [
                {
                  "name": "todoItem",
                  "selector": { "css": "example-todo-item" },
                  "public": true,
                  "type": "utam-tutorial/todoItem"
                }
            ]
          }
      }
  ]
}

The generated getTodoItem() method returns an object scoped inside its parent element.

JavaScript:

getTodoApp(): Promise<_ActionableUtamElement>;
getTodoItem(): Promise<_todoItem>;

Container Element

A component with a slot or div can act as a container for other components whose types are unknown to the developer.

There are certain requirements to declare a container element for a slot. For more information, see the guidelines in the slots guide.

For example, lightning-tabset has a placeholder for tab content. In component source code, a placeholder is a slot.

<template>
    <div class={computedClass} title={title}>
        <lightning-tab-bar variant={variant} onselect={handleTabSelected}></lightning-tab-bar>
        <slot></slot>
    </div>
</template>

Another example is a panel component that can hold any content and produces HTML like this:

<div class="actionBody">
    <!-- any component can be injected here -->
    <records-detail-panel>
        <!-- inner HTML -->
    </records-detail-panel>
<div>

In this case, declare an element with "type": "container". The compiler generates a method with a parameter for the type of the component being loaded.

You can nest a container object in any elements array: at the root, inside a shadow, or nested inside a basic element.

To declare a container element:

1. If needed, add a private basic element that serves as a scope. (Don't set "public": true on the scope element; the test writer doesn't use this element in a test and doesn't need to know about it.)

In our examples:

• For the container in the panel, the scope element is <div class="actionBody">
• For the container in lightning-tabset, the scope element doesn't exist. The container is placed directly in the lightning-tabset root.

1. Add a nested public container element with these properties:
   • name (Required) String. An element name that's unique to this JSON file.
   • type (Required) String. The value must be container.
   • public (Required) Boolean. Must be set to true so that UTAM generates a public method.
   • selector (Optional, default is "css": ":scope > *:first-child"). A selector injected as a root for the container content.

• As with any other element, if there's a #shadow-root between the basic element and the nested container element, enclose the container element in a shadow object.
• Most containers should have a hardcoded selector. In most cases, the hardcoded selector should be *, which represents all the direct children of container's enclosing parent element.
• If a selector is omitted, a default CSS selector of :scope > *:first-child will be used in the generated code.

Let's take our panel, which has body and footer areas where a developer can render any application component. In the page object, add a private HTML element contentScope that serves as a scope. Then add a nested public panelContent container element.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "contentScope",
            "selector": {
                "css": ".actionBody"
            },
            "elements": [
                {
                    "name": "panelContent",
                    "type": "container",
                    "public": true,
                    "selector": {
                        "css": "*"
                    }
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

UTAM generates this JavaScript code.

async function _utam_get_actionBody(driver, root) {
    let _element = root;
    const _locator = core.By.css(`.actionBody`);
    return _element.findElement(_locator);
}

async function _utam_get_detailsPanelContainer(driver, root) {
    let _element = await _utam_get_actionBody(driver, root, );
    const _locator = core.By.css(`*`);
    return _element.findElement(_locator);
}

async getPanelContent(ContainerCtor) {
        const driver = this.driver;
        const root = await this.getRootElement();
        let element = await _utam_get_detailsPanelContainer(driver, root, );
        element = new ContainerCtor(driver, element);
        return element;
}

From the test, to load DetailsPanel inside our panel, call the generated container method.

const recordModal = await utam.load(MyPanel);
const detailPanel = await recordModal.getPanelContent(DetailsPanel);

Sometimes the container selector can be more specific than *. For the lightning-tabset component we know that each tab has an attribute role, so the selector can be [role="tabpanel"]. But if the container is placed correctly inside its immediate parent, * always works.

If the container declaration doesn't have a selector, the generated method has a second parameter for a selector to be hardcoded from test code. We consider this a bad practice because it exposes internals of the component, but it is possible.

const detailPanel = await recordModal.getPanelContent(DetailsPanel, utam.By.css('records-detail-panel'));

If the selector inside the container is marked with "returnAll": true, the generated container method returns an array (in JavaScript) or a list (in Java) of objects.

For our tabset example it makes sense to return all tabs:

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "type": "container",
            "name": "tabs",
            "public": true,
            "selector": {
                "css": "[role='tabpanel']",
                "returnAll": true
            }
        }
    ]
}

UTAM generates this JavaScript code.

// declaration returns array
getTabs<T extends _UtamBasePageObject>(ContainerCtor: _ContainerCtor<T>): Promise<T[]>;

// implementation
async getTabs(ContainerCtor) {
        const driver = this.driver;
        const root = await this.getRootElement();
        let elements = await _utam_get_slots(driver, root, );
        elements = elements.map(function _createUtamElement(element) {
            return new ContainerCtor(driver, element);
        });
        return elements;
}

The test method loads all the existing tabs and returns an array with 3 tabs:

const tabs = await tabset.getTabs(Tab);
expect(labs.length).toBe(3);

Frame Element

To support a frame or an iframe, use a separate type of element with the following properties:

• name (Required) String. The element name, which UTAM uses in the getter method name. The value must be unique within the JSON file.
• type (Required) String. Set to frame and extends Basic element type.
• public (Optional, default is false) Boolean. If set to true, UTAM generates a public method that returns an instance of the element with the given type. The name of the getter is generated automatically from the name property as get<Name> (the value of the name property is capitalized).
• selector (Required) Object. Locates the element inside its immediate parent. See Selector properties. Note that returnAll inside a selector isn't allowed for a frame.

Here's an example of a frame element:

{
    "name": "myPublicFrame",
    "public": true,
    "type": "frame",
    "selector": {
      "css": "iframe"
    }
}

The generated code returns an object of the special FrameElement type that can be used as a parameter in methods to switch between frames.

Element Selector

Every basic element and custom element requires a selector object that locates the element at run time. A container element doesn't require a selector, because it has a default.

When a selector is used for a custom element, the selector is reserved for the custom element’s type and can’t be reused for any other type.

UTAM supports all valid CSS selectors.

Selector Properties

A selector object has these properties:

• css (Required) String. A standard CSS selector, which can also include special selector parameters. UTAM supports all valid CSS selectors.
• args (Optional) Array. Parameters to add to the methods that access this element or its nested elements. Each element in the array has these properties:
  • name (Required) String. A parameter name that is unique in the scope of the args array.
  • type (Required) String. A primitive type, either string, number or boolean.
• returnAll (Optional, default is false) Boolean. To get a list of elements, set returnAll to true.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myDiv",
            "selector": {
                "css": ".myDiv"
            }
        },
        {
            "name": "listItems",
            "selector": {
                "css": "li a",
                "returnAll": true
            }
        }
    ]
}

Selector Parameters

A selector can depend on run-time information from the test, like a label or an index. To access this run-time information, use these format indicators inside a CSS selector. At run time, they’re replaced by values passed as parameters to the element’s public method.

• String (%s)
• Integer (%d)

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "listItemWithTitle",
            "selector": {
                "css": "li a[title='%s']",
                "args": [
                    {
                        "name": "titleString",
                        "type": "string"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "public": true
        }
    ]
}

UTAM generates this code from the JSON.

  public Actionable getListItemWithTitle(String titleString) {
    // return instance of the element using selector with replaced parameter
  }

A nested element can inherit parameters from its parents. In this example, the nested input needs two integer parameters for the enclosing table cell.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "tableCell",
            "selector": {
                "css": "tr:nth-of-type(%d) td:nth-of-type(%d)",
                "args": [
                    {
                        "name": "rowIndex",
                        "type": "number"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "colIndex",
                        "type": "number"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "elements": [
                {
                    "name": "inputInsideCell",
                    "selector": {
                        "css": "input"
                    },
                    "type": ["editable"],
                    "public": true
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

UTAM collects parameter names for every element from root that leads to the current element and adds them in order of appearance.

  public Editable getInputInsideCell(int rowIndex, int colIndex) {
    // Apply the provided parameters,
    // then find an input element inside a table cell.
  }

Mobile Selectors

The Salesforce mobile app is a mobile hybrid application. Some pages are WebView pages, and some pages are native pages. For a native page, CSS selectors aren't sufficient. To find elements in a mobile environment, Appium implements a number of locator strategies for specific mobile devices. For more information, see appium.io: Find Elements.

Appium is an open-source tool for automating native, mobile web, and hybrid applications. Appium allows you to write tests against multiple platforms, such as iOS and Android, using the same API.

Accessibility ID Selector

This selector is for Mobile Platform and UTAM Java only.

Use the accessibility ID selector, which is a unique identifier for a UI element. This example uses an accessibility ID selector of searchCell.ViewAllCell.

{
  ...
  	"name": "searchCell",
    "selector": {
        "accessid": "searchCell.ViewAllCell"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(accessid = "searchCell.ViewAllCell")
private ElementLocation searchCell;

iOS Class Chain Selector

This selector is for iOS Platform and UTAM Java only.

The iOS class chain selector finds a window element from the root of the page:

Page object JSON:

{
  ...
    "name": "appWindow",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "XCUIElementTypeWindow"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(classchain = "XCUIElementTypeWindow")
private ElementLocation appWindow;

You can use double star and slash (**/) to define the next item descendant from the root. This strategy makes the configured locator not sensitive to the hierarchy of the page.

Page object json:

{
  ...
    "name": "button",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "**/XCUIElementTypeButton"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(classchain = "**/XCUIElementTypeButton")
private ElementLocation button;

Sometimes, the element type isn't unique enough to identify a specific element. In those scenarios, you can combine the element type with an attribute using a predicate. The predicate string should always be enclosed in ` marks or $ characters inside square brackets. Use `` or $$ to escape a single ` or $ character inside a predicate expression.

A single backtick means the predicate expression is applied to the current children. A single dollar sign means the predicate expression is applied to all the descendants of the current element(s). String values, not the key words, can be enclosed by ' or ".

Page object JSON:

{
  ...
    "name": "newButton",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "**/XCUIElementTypeButton[`name BEGINSWITH 'New'`]",
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(classchain = "**/XCUIElementTypeButton[`name BEGINSWITH 'New'`])
private ElementLocation newButton;

This selector uses the $ character to apply the attribute to all the descendants of the current element(s).

Page object JSON:

{
  ...
    "name": "newButton",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "**/XCUIElementTypeCell[$name == \"My Accounts\"$]",
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(classchain = "**/XCUIElementTypeCell[$name == \"My Accounts\"$])
private ElementLocation newButton;

The following attributes are supported:

• name
• visible
• value
• enabled

The following comparison types for an attribute are supported:

• EQUALS or ==
• BEGINSWITH
• ENDSWITH
• CONTAINS

You can use the following operators to set conditions for multiple attributes in one expression.

• AND
• OR

For example:

{
  ...
    "name": "newButton",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "**/XCUIElementTypeBotton[`name BEGINSWITH 'New' AND visible == true`]",
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(
    classchain = "**/XCUIElementTypeBotton[`name BEGINSWITH 'New' AND visible == true`]"
)
private ElementLocation newButton;

Similarly to CSS selectors, you can use string or integer parameters. This example uses a string parameter.

{
  ...
    "name": "tabBarBtn",
    "selector": {
        "classchain": "**/XCUIElementTypeButton[`name == '%s'`]",
        "args": [
            {
                "name": "item",
                "type": "string"
            }
        ]
    }
}

Generated Java code:

@ElementMarker.Find(classchain = "**/XCUIElementTypeButton[`name == '%s'`]")
private ElementLocation tabBarBtn;

@Override
final TabBarBtnElement getTabBarBtnElement(String item) {
  return element(this.tabBarBtn).build(TabBarBtnElement.class, TabBarBtnElementImpl.class, item);
}

Here's more detailed examples for iOS Class Chain.

Android UIAutomator Selector

This selector is for Android Platform and UTAM Java only.

Appium uses the UIAutomator selector to enable searching using UiSelectors. We support the following methods only from UiSelector to find elements:

• checkable(boolean val)
• checked(boolean val)
• className(String className)
• clickable(boolean val)
• description(String desc)
• descriptionContains(String desc)
• descriptionStartsWith(String desc)
• enabled(boolean val)
• selected(boolean val)
• resourceId (String id)
• resourceIdMatches(String regex)

This example uses the clickable method:

{
  ...
    "name": "acceptButton",
    "selector": {
        "uiautomator": "new UiSelector().clickable(true)"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(uiautomator = "new UiSelector().clickable(true)")
private ElementLocation acceptButton;

This example uses the className method:

{
  ...
  	"name": "newButton",
    "selector": {
        "uiautomator": "new UiSelector().className(\"android.widget.TextView\")"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(
    uiautomator = "new UiSelector().className(\"android.widget.TextView\")"
)
private ElementLocation newButton;

This example uses the descriptionContains method:

{
  ...
    "name": "vfLink",
    "selector": {
        "uiautomator": "new UiSelector().descriptionContains(\"VfPage Link\")"
    },
  ...
}

Generated Java code:

@Selector.Find(
    uiautomator = "new UiSelector().descriptionContains(\"VfPage Link\")"
)
private ElementLocation vfLink;

UIScrollable is a powerful Android class that performs element lookups in scrollable layouts. In most cases, you should use the scrollIntoView method, which performs a scroll action until the destination element is found on the screen. You can use UIScrollable swipe to:

• search elements in a list (for example in a country list)
• search elements outside of the screen (for example, an input field, text, or button)

The scrollIntoView method has UiSelector as search criteria input to allow you to find elements by supported methods. For example:

{
    "implements": "utam-salesforceapp/pageObjects/navigation/navItemsList",
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "navItemWithLabel",
            "selector": {
                "uiautomator": "new UiScrollable(new UiSelector().scrollable(true)).scrollIntoView(className(\"android.widget.TextView\").text(\"%s\"))",
                "args": [
                    {
                        "name": "item",
                        "type": "string"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }

The generated Java code is:

  @ElementMarker.Find(
    uiautomator =
        "new UiScrollable(new UiSelector().scrollable(true)).scrollIntoView(className(\"android.widget.TextView\").text(\"%s\"))",
    nullable = true
  )
  private ElementLocation navItemWithLabel;

Here's more details for UIAutomator UiSelector and UiScrollable.

List and Index

When a selector includes "returnAll": true, the generated method returns a list.

In the DOM, a parent can contain multiple instances of a custom element, like lightning-tab components inside a lightning-tabset. If the selector has a returnAll property set to true, the method returns a list of instances found at run time.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "allTabs",
            "type": "utam-lightning/pageObjects/lightning/tab",
            "selector": {
                "css": "lightning-tab",
                "returnAll": true
            },
            "public": true
        }
    ]
}

From the previous JSON, UTAM generates this public method, which returns a list of the page objects of the given type.

public List<Tab> getAllTabs() {
    // return list of instances found in runtime
    // throw exception if nothing found
}

To get one of the instances by its index, add :nth-of-type(%d) to the injected selector and the args property with an index parameter. :nth-of-type(%d) is 1-based, not 0-based.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myComponent",
            "type": "utam-lightning/pageObjects/lightning/myComponent",
            "selector": {
                "css": "lightning-my-component:nth-of-type(%d)",
                "args": [
                    {
                        "name": "index",
                        "type": "number"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "public": true
        }
    ]
}

The generated method finds all the custom elements inside the parent and returns one by index.

public MyComponent getMyComponent(int index) {
    // return nth instance
    // if nothing found, or index is out of bounds, throw exception
}

Element Filter

To pick an element or a list of elements based on a condition at run time, add a filter inside an element node. An element with a filter must have a selector with returnAll set to true.

A filter object inside an element has these properties:

• apply (Required) String. The method called on the element, which must return a value of the type expected by matcher.
  • For a custom element: the method name declared inside the page object.
  • For a basic element: one of the supported actions.
• findFirst (Optional, default is false) Boolean. If true, returns the first element that matches the filter. If false, returns a list of elements. If the element is marked as nullable, the filter can return null if no match is found.
• matcher (Required) Object. Defines the filter criteria for the data returned by the apply method.
  • type (Required) String. The matcher type for filtering data. For supported types, see Matchers.
  • args (Optional) Array. If the matcher type requires arguments, pass them in this array.

This example uses a filter to pick one of the lightning-menu-item instances inside a lightning-button-menu based on the item text.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "menuItemByText",
            "type": "utam-lightning/pageObjects/lightning/menuItem",
            "selector": {
                "css": "lightning-menu-item",
                "returnAll": true
            },
            "filter": {
                "apply": "getItemText",
                "findFirst": true,
                "matcher": {
                    "type": "stringContains",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "name": "itemText",
                            "type": "string"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            },
            "public": true
        }
    ]
}

For the example to work, the lightning-menu-item page object must declare a public method getItemText that returns menu item text.

The generated method finds all lightning-menu-item instances inside a lightning-button-menu based on the item text. For each item, getItemText executes and picks the first item that contains the parameter value as a substring. If no match is found, it returns null.

public MenuItem getMenuItemByText(String itemText) {
    // find all available menu items
    // get text for each item
    // pick first item that contains value provided in parameter
}

Example of a basic element filter that returns a list:

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myElement",
            "selector": {
                "css": ".myClass",
                "returnAll": true
            },
            "filter": {
                "apply": "getText",
                "matcher": {
                    "type": "stringContains",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "name": "matcherArg",
                            "type": "string"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            },
            "public": true
        }
    ]
}

UTAM generates this compiled type:

getMyElement(matcherArg: string): Promise<_ActionableUtamElement[]>;

UTAM generates this compiled JavaScript:

async getMyElement(matcherArg) {
    const driver = this.driver;
    const root = await this.getRootElement();
    let elements = await _utam_get_myElements(driver, root, );
    elements = elements.map(function _createUtamElement(element) {
        return new _ActionableUtamElement(driver, element);
    });
    const appliedFilter = await Promise.all(elements.map(el => _utam_filter_myElement(el, matcherArg)));
    elements = elements.filter((_, i) => appliedFilter[i]);
    return elements;
}

Matchers

Use a matcher to apply a condition at run time:

• To pick an element or a list of elements in an element filter. For an example, see Element Filters.
• To transform the return value of a compose statement.

A matcher is an object with these properties.

• type (Required) String. The matcher type to filter data returned by an apply method or an element's getter method. These types are supported:
  • isFalse Matches false values.
  • isTrue Matches true values.
  • notNull Matches values that are not null.
  • stringContains Matches values containing the string passed to the matcher's args array.
  • stringEquals Matches values that equal the string passed to the matcher's args array.
• args (Optional) Array. If the matcher type requires arguments, pass them in this array.

This matcher uses the stringContains matcher type.

"matcher": {
    "type": "stringContains",
    "args": [
        {
            "name": "itemText",
            "type": "string"
        }
    ]
}

Compose Method

To combine several element actions, such as a method for login that sets a username, sets a password, and clicks a button, declare a compose method.

A compose method has these properties:

• name (Required) String. The unique name of the method within this JSON file.
• compose (Required) Array. Each object is an element and a method.
  • element (Optional) String. The name of a basic element from the same JSON file. Defaults to self, which is a reference to the current page object. When a statement refers to the current page object, it can apply the page object's methods. Specify an element only if you need to operate on or interact with it. For an explicit wait using the waitFor keyword, omit the element.
  • apply (Optional) String. If this property isn't defined, the getter method for the element property is called.
    • Basic element: the name of a supported action to apply to the element.
    • Custom element: any public method.
  • args (Optional) Array. If the apply action needs parameters, provide them in an array. Each element of the array has these properties:
    • name (Required) String. A parameter name that is unique in the scope of the args array.
    • type (Required) String. One of these primitive types: string, number, or boolean.
  • matcher (Optional) Object. Defines the filter criteria for the data returned by the apply method or the element's getter method.
    • type (Required) String. The matcher type for filtering data. For supported types, see Matchers.
    • args (Optional) Array. If the matcher type requires arguments, pass them in this array.
  • returnAll (Optional) Boolean. If true, the method returns an array (in JavaScript) or a list (in Java) of objects. The default is false.
  • returnType (Optional) String. Explicitly set the return type for the method. You can set a primitive type, such as "string", "number", "boolean", or a custom type, such as "my/page/object". This property is optional because the return type for a compose method can sometimes be inferred by the UTAM compiler. For more information, see Return Type for a Compose Statement.

Here are some examples of compose methods:

Invoke action for a basic element

This compose method sets text on the root element and clicks a submit button.

{
    "type": ["editable"],
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "submitBtn",
            "type": ["clickable"],
            "selector": {
                "css": ".submit"
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "submitForm",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "root",
                    "apply": "setText",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "string",
                            "name": "stringToEnter"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "element": "submitBtn",
                    "apply": "click"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Here's the generated Java code:

public void submitForm(String stringToEnter) {
    getRoot().setText(stringToEnter);
    submitBtn.click();
  }

Here's the generated JavaScript code:

async submitForm(stringToEnter) {
    const _statement0 = await this.__getRoot();
    await _statement0.setText(stringToEnter);
    const _statement1 = await this.__getSubmitBtn();
    const _result1 = await _statement1.click();
    return _result1;
}

Invoke method from the same page object

The invokeSubmitForm method simply invokes the submitForm method declared in the same page object.

{
    "elements": [
        // ...
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "submitForm",
            "compose": [
                // ...
            ]
        },
        {
            "name": "invokeSubmitForm",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "apply": "submitForm",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "string",
                            "name": "stringToEnter"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

This pattern is useful if you want to reuse the same method in multiple compose statements. For example, you could call submitForm from login and loginWithDeepLink methods.

Here's the generated JavaScript code:

async invokeSubmitForm(stringToEnter) {
    const _result0 = await this.submitForm(stringToEnter);
    return _result0;
}

Invoke an element's getter

This compose method invokes the getter for the myCustomComponent element.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myCustomComponent",
            "type": "my/custom/component",
            "selector": {
                "css": "custom-component"
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "composeGettingCustomElement",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "myCustomComponent"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Here's the generated JavaScript code.

async composeGettingCustomElement() {
    const _result0 = await this.__getMyCustomComponent();
    return _result0;
}

Invoke method from a different page object

This compose method applies the someUnknownPublicMethod method to the myCustomComponent custom element.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "myCustomComponent",
            "type": "my/custom/component",
            "selector": {
                "css": "custom-component"
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "invokeCustomElementMethod",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "myCustomComponent",
                    "apply": "someUnknownPublicMethod"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Note that the compiler can't know if the someUnknownPublicMethod method actually exists, and what are its return value or parameters. The responsibility to validate those things belongs to the developer or a preruntime compilation step (depending on the setup).

Here's the generated JavaScript code:

async invokeCustomElementMethod() {
    const _statement0 = await this.__getMyCustomComponent();
    const _result0 = await _statement0.someUnknownPublicMethod();
    return _result0;
}

Return Type for a Compose Statement

The return type of a compose method is based on what the last action returns, and the parameters are listed in the order of actions.

public void submitForm(String stringToEnter) {
    getRoot().setText(stringToEnter);
    submitBtn.click();
  }

If the element referenced in compose is marked as a list (returnAll is set to true inside the selector), the action is applied to each element in the list. Depending on the last return statement, the method returns void or a list of objects returned by the last statement.

For JavaScript, the generated method always returns Promise<unknown>. The declaration looks like this:

submitForm(stringToEnter: string): Promise<unknown>;

The return type for a compose method can be inferred by the UTAM compiler if the last statement is one of:

1. An element getter invocation for an element from the same JSON (not chain!).

Note: The compiler can identify a statement as a getter invocation only when the statement uses an "element" property:

{
  "methods": [
       {
           "name": "composeGettingCustomElement",
           "compose": [
               {
                   // we know it's a getter and can infer return type
                   "element": "myCustomElement"
               },
               {
                   // we don't know it's a getter
                   // can be regular public method
                   "apply": "getMyCustomElement",
                   "returnType": "my/custom/component"
               }
           ]
       }
  ]
}

2. A basic action invocation. In this example, the method's return type is String because it's a known return type of the getText action.

{
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "myMethod",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "root",
          "apply": "getText"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

3. If a statement has a matcher, the statement returns a Boolean regardless of the matcher type:

{
    "methods": [
    {
      "name": "myMethodWithMatcher",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "root",
          "apply": "getText",
          "matcher": {
              "type": "stringEquals",
              "args": [
                  {
                      "value": "extectedValue"
                  }
              ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

If the compiler can't infer a statement's return type, it defaults to void or can be set explicitly as one of:

• primitive type (string, number, boolean) or a list/array of primitive types if "returnAll": true is set:

{
  "elements": [
    {
      "name": "myCustomElement",
      "selector": {
        "css": "custom-element"
      },
      "type": "my/page/object"
    },
    {
      "name": "myCustomListElement",
      "selector": {
        "css": "custom-element",
        "returnAll": true
      },
      "type": "my/page/object"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "myMethodReturnsString",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "myCustomElement",
          "apply": "getCustomText",
          "returnType": "string"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "myMethodReturnsManyString",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "myCustomListElement",
          "apply": "getCustomText",
          "returnType": "string",
          "returnAll": true
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

• custom type (page object or utility) or list/array of custom types if "returnAll": true is set:

{
  "elements": [
    {
      "name": "myCustomElement",
      "selector": {
        "css": "custom-element"
      },
      "type": "my/page/object"
    },
    {
      "name": "myCustomListElement",
      "selector": {
        "css": "custom-element",
        "returnAll": true
      },
      "type": "my/page/object"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "myMethodReturnsCustom",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "myCustomElement",
          "apply": "getComponentInsideCustomElement",
          "returnType": "my/page/component"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "myMethodReturnsCustomList",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "myCustomListElement",
          "apply": "getComponentInsideCustomElement",
          "returnType": "my/page/component",
          "returnAll": true
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

returnSelf statement

In a compose method, it can be useful to return an instance of the current page object instead of returning void, so that methods can be invoked in a chain inside a test or inside another compose method.

An "apply" : "returnSelf" statement in a compose method or the beforeLoad method means that the generated method will have return this as its last statement and the method will return an instance of the current page object.

{
  "elements": [
    {
      "name": "myElement",
      "selector": {
        "css": ".css"
      },
      "type": [ "clickable" ]
    }
  ],
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "clickMe",
      "compose": [
        {
          "element": "myElement",
          "apply": "click"
        },
        {
          "apply": "returnSelf"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

This method returns the same page object so it can be chained like in this example in a Java test:

pageObject.clickMe().clickMe();

The returnSelf statement must be the last statement inside the method and the statement can only have the apply property.

Chain Compose Statements

It's possible to "chain" compose statements. A chain applies a method or a getter to the result of the previous statement.

Important: Chains are supported only if the previous statement returns a custom type (another page object).

To apply a method or a getter from the current statement to the result of the previous statement, use the "chain": true property inside a statement.

The chain methods approach has some disadvantages and limitations:

• Because the referenced elements and methods (except the first) are defined in other JSON files, the UTAM compiler can’t validate the correctness of the chain until the page object is generated. If the element doesn’t exist, if it isn’t public, or if the type is incorrect, the problem is discovered when the generated code is compiled.
• The current page object now depends on the content of other page objects, so changes in those might prevent the page object from compiling. We notice the issue during build, but it's more difficult to manage.
• The page object author might not be aware of the internals. If another team adds a chained method, ownership of the page object is unclear.

Here are some examples of chaining compose statements.

Compose container element with getter and public action

Consider the following test code samples:

const myModal = await utam.load(MyModalWithDynamicContent);

// long version
const footerArea = await myModal.getContent(FooterAreaWrapper);
const footerButtonsPanel = await footerArea.getFooterButtonsPanel();
await footerButtonsPanel.clickButtonByIndex(1);

// short version
await myModal.clickSave();

It's possible to compose the long version into a short version using a chain.

{
    "elements": [
    {
      "name": "content",
      "type": "container"
    }
  ],
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "clickSave",
      "compose": [
        {
          // invoke container method with hardcoded type
          "element": "content",
          "args": [
            {
              "type": "pageObject",
              "value": "my/pageObjects/FooterAreaWrapper"
            }
          ],
          "returnType": "my/pageObjects/FooterAreaWrapper"
        },
        {
          // invoke getter
          "chain": true,
          "element": "footerButtonsPanel",
          "returnType": "my/pageObjects/FooterButtonsPanel"
        },
        {
          // invoke public method
          "chain": true,
          "apply": "clickButtonByIndex",
          "args": [
              {
                  "value": 1
              }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Chaining list to a list

If both previous and current statements return lists ("returnAll": true), the method is applied to each returned element using flatMap.

Consider the use case of a table with multiple rows and cells. Assume that each row and cell is a separate component. Let's write a method that returns all cells inside a table.

• table row JSON

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "type": "my/pageObjects/tableCell",
            "name": "tableCells",
            "selector": {
                "css": "table-cell",
                "returnAll": true
            }
        }
    ]

• table JSON

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "type": "my/pageObjects/tableRow",
            "name": "tableRows",
            "selector": {
                "css": "table-row",
                "returnAll": true
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "getAllCells",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "returnType": "my/pageObjects/tableRow",
                    "returnAll": true,
                    "element": "tableRows"
                },
                {
                    "chain": true,
                    "returnType": "my/pageObjects/tableCell",
                    "returnAll": true,
                    "element": "tableCells"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Generated Java code:

public final List<TableCell> getAllCells() {
    List<TableRow> statement0 = this.getTableRowsElement();
    List<TableCell> statement1 =
        statement0
            .stream()
            .flatMap(element -> element.getTableCells().stream())
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
    return statement1;
}

Argument Reference

To access an argument passed to a compose method in multiple statements, declare a reusable argument at the method level. The args property must be a sibling of the name property. For example, we declare a reusable passwordStr argument at the method level:

{
    "name": "passwordStr",
    "type": "string"
}

Then in each compose statement where you want to access the reusable argument, set the argument's type to argumentReference, the name of an argument with "type": "argumentReference" must match the name of one of the reusable arguments declared at the method level:

{
    "name": "passwordStr",
    "type": "argumentReference"
}

Here's the full method declaration. The statements that apply actions to the password and passwordConfirmation elements both declare a reference to the reusable passwordStr argument. When test code invokes this method, the passwordStr argument is passed to both statements:

{
    "name": "confirmPassword",
    "args": [
        {
            "name": "passwordStr",
            "type": "string"
        }
    ],
    "compose": [
        {
            "element": "password",
            "apply": "clearAndType",
            "args": [
                {
                    "name": "passwordStr",
                    "type": "argumentReference"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "element": "passwordConfirmation",
            "apply": "clearAndType",
            "args": [
                {
                    "name": "passwordStr",
                    "type": "argumentReference"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
 }

A reusable argument can't be an argument with a hardcoded value, also known as a literal type.

For a working example of argument references, see this tutorial.

Supported Argument Types

This table shows the syntax for declaring a non-literal argument with a name and type. Instead of using a combination of name and type, it's also possible to use a hardcoded (literal) value for an argument of these types.

Compose Container Invocation

A pageObject type parameter can be used to invoke a container method inside a compose statement.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "containerElement",
            "type": "container"
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "composeContainerHardcoded",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "containerElement",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "pageObject",
                            "value": "utam-tests/pageObjects/myPageObject"
                        }
                    ],
                    "returnType": "utam-tests/pageObjects/myPageObject"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "name": "composeContainer",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "containerElement",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "pageObject",
                            "name": "pageObjectCtor"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Generated JavaScript code:

// declaration
composeContainerHardcoded(): Promise<unknown>;
composeContainer<T extends _UtamBasePageObject>(pageObjectCtor: _PageObjectCtor<T>): Promise<unknown>;

// implementation
import _MyPageObject from 'utam-tests/pageObjects/myPageObject';

async composeContainerHardcoded() {
    const _result0 = await this.__getContainer(_MyPageObject);
    return _result0;
}

async composeContainer(pageObjectCtor) {
    const _result0 = await this.__getContainer(pageObjectCtor);
    return _result0;
}

Compose Entering Frame

Frame and Root Page Object type parameters can be used to compose entering a frame:

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "frameElement",
            "type": "frame",
            "selector": {
                "css": "#frame"
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "composeEnterFrameHardcoded",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "document",
                    "apply": "enterFrameAndLoad",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "elementReference",
                            "value": "frameElement"
                        },
                        {
                            "type": "rootPageObject",
                            "value": "utam-tests/pageObjects/frameArea",
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "name": "composeEnterFrame",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "document",
                    "apply": "enterFrameAndLoad",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "frame",
                            "name": "frameElementParameter"
                        },
                        {
                            "type": "rootPageObject",
                            "name": "pageObjectCtor",
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Generated JavaScript code:

// declaration
composeEnterFrame<T extends _UtamBaseRootPageObject>(frameElementParameter: _FrameUtamElement, pageObjectCtor: _RootPageObjectCtor<T>): Promise<unknown>;
composeEnterFrameHardcoded(): Promise<unknown>;

// implementation
import _FrameArea from 'utam-tests/pageObjects/frameArea';

async composeEnterFrame(frameElementParameter, pageObjectCtor) {
    const _statement0 = await this.getDocument();
    const _result0 = await _statement0.enterFrameAndLoad(frameElementParameter, pageObjectCtor);
    return _result0;
}

async composeEnterFrameHardcoded() {
    const _statement0 = await this.getDocument();
    const _result0 = await _statement0.enterFrameAndLoad(await this.getFrameElement(), _FrameArea);
    return _result0;
}

Element Reference

The elementReference type in an argument allows you to reference an existing element as a parameter value. This example uses an elementReference to a targetElement element.

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "sourceElement",
            "selector": {
                "css": ".source"
            },
            "type": ["draggable"]
        },
        {
            "name": "targetElement",
            "selector": {
                "css": ".source"
            }
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "composeDragAndDrop",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "element": "sourceElement",
                    "apply": "dragAndDrop",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "elementReference",
                            "value": "targetElement"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Generated JavaScript code:

// declaration
composeDragAndDrop(): Promise<unknown>;

// implementation
async composeDragAndDrop() {
    const _statement0 = await this.__getSourceElement();
    const _result0 = await _statement0.dragAndDrop(await this.__getTargetElement());
    return _result0;
}

If a referenced element has a selector or filter arguments, those values are automatically inferred and added to the method declaration.

{
      "name": "target",
      "selector": {
        "css": "foo:nth-child(%d)",
        "args": [
            {
                "name": "index",
                "type": "number"
            }
        ]
      }
}

When the element is referenced in a compose statement, this page object hard codes the value of 1 for an index.

{
    "element": "source",
    "apply": "dragAndDrop",
    "args": [
        {
            "value": "target",
            "type": "elementReference",
            "args": [
                {
                    "value": 1
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Explicit Waits

We define an explicit wait by setting the apply value to waitFor, which is a public method that exercises a fluent wait for an element. The wait wraps one or more functions and repeatedly invokes them within a timeout until they return a truthy value (boolean true or any value that isn't null or undefined).

The function invoked inside waitFor is defined in the args array as a parameter for a method used in a compose statement:

• type is set to function
• predicate is an array of compose statements that is invoked to test for the wait condition.

The predicate value is a list of compose statements that will be executed until truthy value is returned (no error, not null and not false).

{
    "apply": "waitFor",
    "args": [
        {
            "type": "function",
            "predicate": [
                {
                  "element": "foo",
                  "apply": "click"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Return type inside predicate

If a compose statement is a "waitFor" action or an explicit wait, the return type is the return type of the last predicate statement. Similarly to a regular statement, the return type can be inferred, void, or set explicitly. Here are some examples.

• return type can be inferred because it's an element getter invocation, so this method returns the custom element type

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "custom",
            "selector": {
                "css": "my-custom-element"
            },
            "type": "my/custom/element"
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "returnCustomElement",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "apply": "waitFor",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "function",
                            "predicate": [
                                {
                                    "element": "custom"
                                }
                            ]
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

• return type is set explicitly, so this method returns a list or array of strings as specified in the last statement of the predicate

{
    "elements": [
        {
            "name": "custom",
            "selector": {
                "css": "my-custom-element"
            },
            "type": "my/custom/element"
        }
    ],
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "returnCustomElement",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "apply": "waitFor",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "function",
                            "predicate": [
                                {
                                    "element": "custom"
                                },
                                {
                                    "chain": true,
                                    "apply": "customElementPublicMethod",
                                    "returnType": "string",
                                    "returnAll": true
                                }
                            ]
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Important: setting a returnType outside a predicate isn't allowed. This page object throws an error:

{
    "methods": [
        {
            "name": "clickAndReturn",
            "compose": [
                {
                    "apply": "waitFor",
                    "args": [
                        {
                            "type": "function",
                            "predicate": [
                                {
                                    "apply": "getString"
                                }
                            ]
                        }
                    ],
                    "returnType": "string"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

beforeLoad

The beforeLoad array sets the criteria to be satisfied before the load method completes. If you don't specify a beforeLoad array, the load method finds a root element for a regular page object, or waits for the root element to be present for a root page object), by default.

Note: Statements inside the beforeLoad array can reference only root or document elements because other elements are not loaded yet.

This ApplicationHome page object waits for the DOM to finish rendering before loading is complete and then waits for the root and indicator elements:

{
  "selector": {
    "css": "application-home"
  },
  "root": true,
  "beforeLoad": [
    {
      "element": "document",
      "apply": "waitForDocumentReady"
    },
    {
      "apply": "waitFor",
      "args": [
        {
          "type": "function",
          "predicate": [
            {
              "element": "root",
              "apply": "isPresent"
            },
            {
              "element": "root",
              "apply": "containsElement",
              "args": [
                {
                  "type": "locator",
                  "value": {
                    "css": ".indicator"
                  }
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

document Object

The document object exposes methods to interact with the DOM, such as waiting until its state is ready or checking the URL. And methods for frames.

Reference the document object inside a compose statement in JSON using this syntax.

{
    "element": "document",
    "apply": "getUrl"
}

Here are the supported methods for the document object. The return value is asynchronous. For example, in JavaScript, a Promise is returned.

Imperative Extensions

Imperative extensions enable you to create reusable utility code to address complex use cases that aren't supported in UTAM's JSON grammar. For example, you can't use the JSON grammar to navigate a data table where each column shows data from a different type of component with different markup.

Note: Imperative extensions are powerful because you can use the full capabilities of a programming language. However, we strongly discourage their usage except as a last resort because they violate the declarative nature of UTAM. If you use an imperative extension, you must implement and maintain it in each programming language that you use with UTAM.

Declare imperative utility code in a compose statement. A page object can reference multiple utilities.

{
  "methods": [
    {
      "name": "myMethod",
      "compose": [
        {
          "applyExternal": {
            "type": "utam-lst/utils/lst/relatedListContainerUtils",
            "invoke": "cardUtility1",
            "args": [
              {
                "name": "stringArg",
                "type": "string"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "applyExternal": {
            "type": "utam-lst/utils/lst/relatedListContainerUtils",
            "invoke": "cardUtility2",
            "args": [
              {
                "name": "booleanArg",
                "type": "boolean"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

An imperative extension in a compose statement has these properties:

• element (Optional.) String. A reference to the element passed as the first parameter to the utility code. The default value is self so if no element is set, we pass the page object itself. You can omit this property because you can access the elements from the page object reference passed to the utility code.
• applyExternal (Required) Object. Declares an imperative extension and has these properties:
  • type (Required) String. A reference to the executable code to import: either a Java class or a JavaScript ES module.
  • invoke (Required) String. A reference to the method name to call: a named function in JavaScript or a static method in Java.
  • args (Optional) Array. If the code needs parameters, provide them in an array. Each element of the array has these properties:
    • name (Required) String. A parameter name that is unique in the scope of the args array.
    • type (Required) String. A parameter type, which is a primitive type, locator or a function.

For examples of Java and JavaScript code implementations, see Imperative Extensions.

Platform Context

In a hybrid mobile application, some pages are WebView and some pages are native. WebView allows you to display web content inside a native app. A WebView page leverages the device's browser engine to render HTML and process JavaScript locally. A native page is built with a platform SDK such as iOS or Android, using tools and languages for the specific platform.

Appium is an open-source tool for automating native, mobile web, and hybrid applications. Appium allows you to write tests against multiple platforms, such as iOS and Android, using the same API. For a hybrid mobile application test using Appium, the driver needs to enter the appropriate Appium context: WebView context for a WebView page or native context for a native page. For more details, see appium.io: Appium Context.

The platform field at the root of a page object defines the page context type. The value can be:

• web for a WebView page. This is the default value.

• native for a native page on iOS or Android platforms.

The UTAM framework uses the platform property to set WebView or native context at the page object bootstrap stage. Then, a test can interact appropriately with elements on the page.

Here's the JSON for a WebView page object (platform defaults to web):

{
  "selector": {
    "css": "div#main"
  },
  "elements": []
}

Here's the JSON for a native page object on Android:

{
  "platform": "native",
   "selector": {
      // native selector here
   },
  "elements": []
}

Interfaces

UTAM use interfaces to abstract page object APIs (declared public methods) from the implementation. Interfaces are for Java only.

Interface Declaration

Declare an interface in a separate JSON file.

To distinguish an interface from a regular page object, set the interface property to true.

{
  "interface": true,
  "methods": []
}

Declare an interface's API as an array of objects in the methods property. Each method object has the following properties:

• name of the method. The name should be unique within the methods array.

• If the method returns a value, set the returnType property to the return type value, which can be one of:

  • primitive type (string, number or boolean)

  • basic element type (actionable, clickable, editable, or touchable)

  • custom type (method returns another page object)

• If the method returns an array, set the returnAll property to true.

• Declare method parameters, if needed, in an args array of objects. Each object has the following properties:

  • name of the parameter

  • type of the parameter (one of the primitives: string, number, or boolean)

Here's an interface with four methods.

{
  "interface": true,
  "methods": [
    {
        "name": "openMenuSection"
    },
    {
        "name": "clickTabBarItem",
        "args": [
            {
                "name": "item",
                "type": "string"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "name": "hasTabBarItem",
        "returnType": "boolean",
        "args": [
            {
                "name": "item",
                "type": "string"
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        "name": "getTabBarItems",
        "returnType": ["clickable"],
        "returnAll": true
    }
  ]
}

For every declared interface, the UTAM Java compiler generates a Java interface with method declarations:

public interface NavTabBar extends RootPageObject {

  void openMenuSection();

  void clickTabBarItem(String item);

  Boolean hasTabBarItem(String item);

  List<GetTabBarItemsElement> getTabBarItems();

  interface GetTabBarItemsElement extends Clickable {}
}

Interface Implementation

A page object declares that it implements a declarative interface by using the implements property.

{
  "implements": "utam-lightning/pageObjects/global/navigationMenu",
  "elements": [],
  "methods": []
}

The page object must implement all methods declared in the original interface.

To support multiple implementing JSON page objects for a single UTAM interface, use the profile property. This property enables UTAM to choose the appropriate implementation depending on the test context. Profile is an array of objects. Set a platform property in profile to define the supported platforms. The supported values for platform are:

• ios_phone

• ios_tablet

• android_phone

• android_tablet

For example, addConnAndroidImpl.utam.json defines a shared implementation for Android phone and tablet.

{
   "implements":"utam-salesforceapp/pageObjects/authentication/addConn",
   "profile":[
      {
         "platform": ["android_phone", "android_tablet"]
      }
   ],
   ....
}

addConnAndroidPhoneImpl.utam.json is for Android phone only.

{
   "implements":"utam-salesforceapp/pageObjects/authentication/addConn",
   "profile":[
      {
         "platform": "android_phone"
      }
   ],
   ....
}

addConniOSImpl.utam.json is for iOS phone and tablet.

{
   "implements":"utam-salesforceapp/pageObjects/authentication/addConn",
   "profile":[
      {
         "platform": ["ios_phone", "ios_tablet"]
      }
   ],
   ...
}

addConniOSTabletImpl.utam.json is for iPad only.

{
   "implements":"utam-salesforceapp/pageObjects/authentication/addConn",
   "profile":[
      {
         "platform": "ios_tablet"
      }
   ],
   ...
}

In the compiler configuration file, you must configure all possible profile values for your module. Otherwise, the compiler throws an error, such as:

utam.core.framework.consumer.UtamError: profile 'platform' does not support value 'android_tablet'

Here's an example of a Java compiler configuration file in compiler.config.json with a profiles property. The configuration file name can be anything. It must just match the name passed as a runtime parameter to the compiler.

{
  ....
  "profiles": [
    {
      "name": "platform",
      "values": [
        "ios_phone",
        "ios_tablet",
        "android_phone",
        "android_tablet"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

The compiler configuration file defines the supported platform values.